Mamoplastia redutora: da técnica ao impacto social / Reduction mammoplasty: from technique to social impact / Mamoplastia de reducción: de la técnica al impacto social

As mulheres com tamanhos excessivos das mamas sofrem de patologias definidas como gigantomastia, macromastia ou hipertrofia mamária, isso indica um processo em que os seios são patologicamente aumentados o que gera condições insalubres. Seu tamanho afeta diretamente sua saúde com danos psicológicos e na qualidade de vida. O tratamento inclui a retirada cirúrgica do tecido excedente no processo de melhora da qualidade de vida, visando reduzir os sintomas, melhorar a funcionalidade, o estado psicológico, além um melhoramento estético. Dessa forma, o presente estudo tem como objetivo realizar uma análise desde a técnica da mamoplastia redutora quanto aos seus impactos sociais. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa como foco a construção teórica e a discussão de questões atuais sobre o tema com base nas evidências das literaturas dos últimos cinco anos. As mulheres com gigantomastia experimentam melhorias na forma e funcionalidade da mama após a mamoplastia redutora. Há evidências substanciais de que esta cirurgia melhora significativamente a qualidade de vida do paciente, visto que há a redução do volume mamário que consequentemente melhora das dores lombares, as mamas ficam esteticamente mais adequadas para uso de roupas íntimas, além de cessar irritações cutâneas e infecções nas áreas das dobras. Muitas pacientes se beneficiam de uma melhor qualidade de vida ao não apresentarem mais esses sintomas listados. Realizar este procedimento tem sido considerado satisfatório pela maioria das pessoas, e com base na análise realizada, a maioria das pacientes priorizam os efeitos estéticos e funcional, além de reduzir o impacto em outras doenças mesmo essa patologia não sendo amplamente disponibilizada pelo SUS. De tal forma, essa direção de pesquisa busca contribuir para o desenvolvimento de pesquisas futuras e em andamento relacionadas a esse tema.

Women with excessive breast sizes suffer from pathologies defined as gigantomastia, macromastia, or breast hypertrophy, this indicates a process in which the breasts are pathologically enlarged which generates unhealthy conditions. Their size directly affects your health with psychological damage and quality of life. The treatment includes the surgical removal of the excess tissue in the process of improving quality of life, aiming to reduce symptoms, improve functionality, psychological state, and an aesthetic improvement. Thus, the present study aims to carry out an analysis from the technique of reduction mammoplasty as to its social impacts. This is a qualitative research focusing on theoretical construction and discussion of current issues on the subject based on evidence from the literatures of the last five years. Women with gigantomastia experience improvements in breast shape and functionality after reduction mammaplasty. There is substantial evidence that this surgery significantly improves the patient's quality of life, as there is a reduction in breast volume which consequently improves lower back pain, the breasts become more aesthetically pleasing for underwear, and skin irritation and infections in the fold areas cease. Many patients benefit from a better quality of life by no longer experiencing these listed symptoms. Performing this procedure has been considered satisfactory by most people, and based on the analysis performed, most patients prioritize the aesthetic and functional effects, besides reducing the impact on other diseases even though this pathology is not widely available by SUS. In such a way, this research direction seeks to contribute to the development of future and ongoing research related to this theme.

Las mujeres con excesivo tamaño mamario sufren patologías definidas como gigantomastia, macromastia o hipertrofia mamaria, esto indica un proceso en el que las mamas se agrandan patológicamente lo que genera condiciones insalubres. Su tamaño afecta directamente a la salud con daños psicológicos y a la calidad de vida. El tratamiento incluye la extirpación quirúrgica del exceso de tejido en el proceso de mejora de la calidad de vida, con el objetivo de reducir los síntomas, mejorar la funcionalidad, el estado psicológico, y una mejora estética. Así, el presente estudio pretende realizar un análisis a partir de la técnica de mamoplastia de reducción en cuanto a sus impactos sociales. Se trata de una investigación cualitativa centrada en la construcción teórica y la discusión de cuestiones actuales sobre el tema a partir de la evidencia de las literaturas de los últimos cinco años. Las mujeres con gigantomastia experimentan mejoras en la forma y funcionalidad de las mamas después de la mamoplastia de reducción. Existen pruebas sustanciales de que esta cirugía mejora significativamente la calidad de vida de la paciente, ya que se produce una reducción del volumen mamario que, en consecuencia, mejora el dolor lumbar, las mamas resultan más estéticas para la ropa interior y cesan la irritación de la piel y las infecciones en las zonas de los pliegues. Muchas pacientes se benefician de una mejor calidad de vida al dejar de experimentar estos síntomas enumerados. La realización de este procedimiento ha sido considerada satisfactoria por la mayoría de las personas, y con base en el análisis realizado, la mayoría de los pacientes priorizan los efectos estéticos y funcionales, además de reducir el impacto sobre otras enfermedades, aunque esta patología no esté ampliamente disponible por el SUS. De tal forma, esta dirección de investigación busca contribuir para el desarrollo de futuras y actuales investigaciones relacionadas a este tema.

Hiperplasia estromal pseudoangiomatosa (HEP) de mama: a propósito de un caso / Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia (PASH) of the breast: about a case

La hiperplasia pseudoangiomatosa estromal de la mama es una patología benigna de rara aparición en mujeres, que hoy en día sigue generando incertidumbre en cuanto a su manifestación y al tratamiento definitivo. Nuestro objetivo será detallar el manejo y los resultados obtenidos luego de tratar a una paciente con esta patología atendida en hospital público durante la pandemia, que presentó gigantomastia bilateral a expensas de crecimiento y simetrización de mama contralateral afectada por HEP durante su estado gravídico.

Pseudoangimatous stromal hyperplasia of the breast, is a pathology of rare appearance, in women, which today continues to generate uncertainty regarding its manifestation and definitive treatment. Our objective will be to detail the management and results obtained after treating a patient with this pathology in a public hospital during a pandemic. who presented bilateral gigantomastia at the expense of growth and symmetrization of the contralateral breast affected by HEP during her pregnancy.

Mastoplastia de reducción con la técnica de pedículo inferior en pacientes con hipertrofia mamaria / Reduction mastoplasty by means of the inferior pedicle technique in patients with mammary hypertrophy

Introducción: La mastoplastia de reducción mediante la técnica de pedículo inferior es una de las intervenciones quirúrgicas estéticas más empleadas para corregir la hipertrofia mamaria. Objetivo: Caracterizar a las pacientes con hipertrofia mamaria, a quienes se les practicó mastoplastia de reducción con la técnica de pedículo inferior. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, observacional, transversal y retrospectivo de 185 pacientes entre 10 y 59 años de edad, con diagnóstico de hipertrofia mamaria, atendidas en el Servicio de Cirugía Plástica y Caumatología del Hospital General Docente Octavio de la Concepción y de la Pedraja del municipio de Baracoa, a las cuales se les practicó mastoplastia de reducción por técnica de pedículo inferior, desde enero de 2004 hasta diciembre 2020. Resultados: En la serie predominaron las féminas entre 30-39 años de edad (42,8 %), los resultados estéticos evaluados de buenos (90,3 %), las complicaciones escasas (20,0 %), con primacía de la necrosis de la piel en el punto inferior de unión de los colgajos (7,0 %) y las pacientes satisfechas con el proceder (93,5 %). El tejido glandular resecado varió entre menos de 300 g y más de 1 200, según el grado de hipertrofia. Conclusiones: La técnica de reducción mamaria a pedículo inferior es versátil, segura y aplicable a todo tipo de hipertrofia, con una tasa de complicaciones baja; asimismo ofrece resultados estéticos favorables y alto grado de satisfacción.

Introduction: The reduction mastoplasty by means of the inferior pedicle technique is one of the most used cosmetic surgical interventions to correct mammary hypertrophy. Objective: To characterize the patients with mammary hypertrophy to whom reduction mastoplasty was practiced with the inferior pedicle technique. Methods: A descriptive, observational, cross-sectional and retrospective study of 185 patients between 10 and 59 years, with diagnosis of mammary hypertrophy was carried out. They were assisted in the Plastic Surgery and Caumatology Service of Octavio de la Concepción y de la Pedraja Teaching General Hospital from the municipality of Baracoa, to whom reduction mastoplasty by inferior pedicle technique was practiced, from January, 2004 to December, 2020. Results: In the series there was a prevalence of the females between 30-39 years (42.8 %), the cosmetic results with good evaluation (90.3 %), few complications (20.0 %), with primacy of the skin necrosis in the inferior space of the flap union (7.0 %) and the patients satisfied with the procedure (93.5 %). The dried up glandular tissue varied in less than 300 grams and more than 1 200, according to the degree of hypertrophy. Conclusions: The mammary reduction technique to inferior pedicle is versatile, safe and applicable to all types of hypertrophy, with a low rate of complications; also it offers favorable cosmetic results and high degree of satisfaction.

Gestational gigantomastia with fatal outcome

Gigantomastia is a rare disease defined by an extreme and rapid enlargement of the breast, generally bilateral. The majority of cases are reported in pregnant women. Ninety-eight cases of gestational gigantomastia have been identified in electronic databases, and those with fatal outcomes comprised only 2 cases (2%). Despite its benign nature, it can lead to severe complications and even death. Its etiology has not been fully elucidated, but it has been speculated that a hormonal component may play a role in the pathogenesis. Currently, treatment options are limited, and surgery is gaining importance, but it is often not feasible in low-resource settings. Herein, we describe a case of a 30-year-old HIV-positive female with no relevant past medical history, who died due to the complications of gestational gigantomastia at the Maputo Central Hospital, in Mozambique.

Gigantomastia gravídica / Gestational gigantomastia

Presentamos dos casos clínicos de mujeres jóvenes (38 y 25 años) con gigantomastia gravídica que presentaban mastalgia, alteraciones de la postura y disminución de la calidad de vida, una de ellas incluso se complicó con necrosis cutánea e infección. El tratamiento fue quirúrgico, las técnicas utilizadas fueron elegidas según las características anatómicas y el estado clínico de las pacientes: técnica de Thorek para el primer caso y mastectomía bilateral en el segundo.

We present two clinical cases of young women (38 and 25 years old) with gravidic gigantomastia who presented with mastalgia, posture alterations and decreased quality of life, one of which was even complicated by cutaneous necrosis and infection. The treatment was surgical, the techniques used were chosen according to the anatomical characteristics and the clinical status of the patients: Thorek technique for the first case and bilateral mastectomy in the second.

A Case Report of Juvenile Hypertrophy of the Breast in a 15-Year-Old Girl: Presented with Asymmetric Breast Enlargement and a Focal Mass-like Lesion

Juvenile hypertrophy of the breast is a rare condition, leading to hyperplastic breast anomalies in adolescents. Here, we report a case involving a 15-year-old girl, presented with asymmetric enlargement of the left breast. Pronounced parenchymal thickening was found on initial ultrasonography (US). MRI and second-look US revealed a focal mass-like lesion on the left mid-lateral breast, confirmed as juvenile hypertrophy of the breast on pathology.

Gigantomastia gravídica / Gestational gigantomastia

Introducción La gigantomastia gravídica es una entidad poco frecuente, de etiología desconocida, con una incidencia de 1 en 100.000 embarazos. Se caracteriza por un crecimiento mamario excesivo e invalidante durante la gestación. El tratamiento durante el embarazo es sintomático, requiriendo resolución quirúrgica en el puerperio. Material y método Reporte de caso clínico de gigantomastia gravídica en el Hospital José María Penna de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos de Aires en 2017. Caso clínico Paciente de 22 años, primigesta que, cursando embarazo de 20 semanas, consulta por aumento exagerado del volumen mamario, de dos meses de evolución. Se realiza punción percutánea con aguja gruesa cuyo resultado informa parénquima mamario con ductos y lobulillos preservados. Se instaura tratamiento sintomático, decidiéndose la finalización del embarazo durante la semana 34 de gestación por gran disconfort materno asociado a disnea. Durante el puerperio, se inhibe la lactancia, y evoluciona favorablemente con involución mamaria parcial; actualmente se encuentra en plan quirúrgico. Conclusiones La gigantomastia gravídica es de presentación excepcional. El tratamiento es sintomático durante la gestación siendo la resolución quirúrgica fundamental en el puerperio. El manejo multidisciplinario es indispensable.

Introduction Gestational gigantomastia is an unusual condition of unknown origin, which occurs in approximately 1 out of every 100.000 pregnancies. It is defined as an excessive and invalidating mammary hypertrophy which develops during pregnancy. Supportive care for symptomatic relief is offered during pregnancy, but surgical approach and reduction mammoplasty is usually warranted after childbirth. Materials and method The following is a case report of a patient with gestational gigantomastia who was treated at the Hospital Jose Maria Penna de Buenos Aires in 2017. Clinical vignette This is the clinical case of a 22-year-old primigravida, who presented at 20 weeks of pregnancy. She complained of exaggerated bilateral increase in breast volume over the previous two months. Core needle biopsy informed presence of normal breast parenchyma with normal ducts and lobes. Supportive treatment was initiated for symptom relief. Elective termination of pregnancy at 34 weeks was decided because of great materna discomfort and dyspnea. After childbirth, lactation was suppressed and the patient is currently awaiting surgical correction. Conclusions Gestational gigantomastia is an exceptionally rare condition. The therapeutic goal during pregnancy is usually symptom relief. Surgical correction is essential after childbirth and interdisciplinary management is mandatory.

Relapsed Bilateral Gigantomastia Caused by Pseudoangiomatous Stromal Hyperplasia after Reduction Mammoplasty

Gigantomastia is an abnormal proliferation of breasts by excessive mammary tissue. Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia (PASH) is a rare benign disease due to nonspecialized fibrous mammary stroma. The incidence of gigantomastia caused by bilateral diffuse PASH is extremely rare. The authors experienced a unique case of recurrent PASH-caused gigantomastia after reduction mammoplasty. Recurrent PASH-caused gigantomastia has never been reported in the literature so far. A 33-year-old woman who suffered of gigantomastia underwent bilateral reduction mammoplasty 4 years ago. Recurrence occurred, and she visited our department. Both breasts were dense without palpable mass. Mammography revealed extremely dense breasts with a bilateral complex glandular pattern. Mastectomy with Wise-pattern incision line was performed. Nipple was reconstructed at the same time using the triangular skin flaps. Pathologic examination revealed numerous slit-like stromal clefts lined by endothelial-like spindle cells were present in well demarcated nodules and diffuse hyperplastic stromas. The finding was consistent with PASH. Reconstruction of aesthetic breast was impossible due to thinned remaining skin and subcutaneous fat tissues. Nevertheless, patient was satisfied, for her anxiety about relapse and discomfort was gone.

Mastoplastia reductiva por técnica de Thorek modificada en gigantomastia / Reductive mastoplastyby modified Thorek technique in giant breasts

La gigantomastia es un tipo de hipertrofia mamaria cuando sobrepasa los 1500 g de volumen mamario en cada mama y su corrección se realiza con la técnica de mastoplastia reductiva. Se presentó el caso de una paciente de 42 años de edad con el diagnóstico de gigantomastia; a la cual se le practicó mastoplastia reductiva por técnica de injerto del complejo areola pezón, siendo una adaptación a la descrita por Thorek en 1922, utilizando el molde de Wise. El tejido glandular resecado fue 4 000 g en cada mama, total 8000 g, el cual fue la motivación principal de este trabajo, además, despertar el interés de los médicos al estudio de este padecimiento para el diagnóstico, y conocimiento de este tratamiento. Se obtuvo buen resultado estético y satisfacción de la paciente(AU)

Gigantomasty is a kind of mammary hypertrophy when it surpasses the 1 500 g of mammary volume in each mamma and its correction is made with the mastoplasty reductive's technique. It is presented a case of a 42-year-old patient with a diagnosis of giant breasts; was applied reductive mastoplasty by graft technique of the nipple areola complex, being an adaptation to the one described by Thorek in 1922, using the Wise mold. The gland tissue was resected 4 000 grams in each breast, total 8 000 grams, which was the main motivation of this work, in addition, to obtain the interest of doctors to study this condition for diagnosis and knowledge of this treatment. A good aesthetic result and patient satisfaction were obtained(AU)

Gigantomastia no ciclo gravídico-puerperal: relato de caso / Gigantomastia in pregnancy and puerperal period: case report

A gigantomastia gestacional é uma condição rara de crescimento exagerado das mamas durante a gravi- dez. A etiologia é desconhecida, e a incidência varia de 1/2.800 a 1/100.000 gravidezes. O crescimento excessivo das mamas, com importante aumento do volume e do peso, causa desconforto para a paciente deambular ou permanecer em pé. O peso excessivo sobre o tórax causa desconforto para respirar. Pode ocorrer necrose tecidual, provavelmente devido à insu ciente vascularização da pele, formando ul- cerações, além de infecção secundária e hemorragias. Por ter etiologia desconhecida, não há tratamento especí co. Deve-se orientar a paciente sobre o crescimento progressivo e as di culdades que surgirão em decorrência disso, além de oferecer suporte clínico para o tratamento das complicações. Essas gestações ge- ralmente culminam em partos prematuros, porque a paciente apresenta di culdade para suportar o peso das mamas. A lactação deve ser inibida a m de evitar infecções e desconforto para a gestante. Como ocorre regressão de volume durante o puerpério, pode ser necessário mamoplastia para remover o excesso de pele. Devido ao aumento vascular e o consequente risco de grandes sangramentos, tratamentos cirúrgicos não são indicados durante a gravidez. Este artigo relata o caso de uma paciente primigesta de 15 anos que apresentou crescimento excessivo e assimétrico da mama esquerda durante a gestação. Admitida em nosso serviço no 12o dia puerperal, ela apresentava mama esquerda volumosa e hiperpigmentada, de coloração acastanhada e consistência aumentada difusamente. O exame ultrassonográ co mostrou aumento difuso do tecido mamário. A lactação foi inibida, e realizou-se seguimento clínico semanal. A paciente apresentou galactocele de aproximadamente 10 cm de extensão, que foi removida cirurgicamente.

Gestational gigantomastia is a rare condition of excessive growth of the breasts during pregnancy. e etiology is unknown, and the incidence ranges from 1/2.800 to 1/100.000 pregnancies. Excessive growth of the breasts, with signi cant increase in volume and weight, causes discomfort to wander around or stand. Excessive weight on the chest causes discomfort to breathe. Tissue necrosis may occur, probably due to insu cient vascularization of skin, forming ulcerations, as well as secondary infection and bleeding. By having unknown etiology, there is no speci c treatment. e patient should be instructed on the progressive growth and the di culties associated with it, as well as be given clinical support for the treatment of complications. ese pregnancies often end in premature births, because the patient has di culty to support the breasts' weight. Lactation should be inhibited to prevent infections and discomfort for the patient. As it occurs volume regression in the postpartum, it may be required mammoplasty to remove the excess skin. Due to vascular increase and the consequent risk of major bleeding, surgical treatments are not indicated during pregnancy. is article reports the case of a 15 years old primipara who had excessive and asymmetric growth of the left breast during pregnancy. Admitted to our hospital on the 12th day postpartum, she presented massive, hyperpigmented and brownish left breast, with di usely increased consistency. Ultrasound examination showed di use enlargement of breast tissue. Lactation was inhibited, and a weekly follow-up was held. e patient presented galactocele approximately 10 cm long, which was surgically removed

Hipertrofia mamaria juvenil: Revisión de la literatura. A propósito de un caso clínico

Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 22 años con hipertrofia mamaria bilateral, de gran tamaño. No presentaba tumor ni alteraciones hormonales. Fue intervenida quirúrgicamente y la evolución fue satisfactoria.

We report a case of a 22-year-old patient with massive Juvenile Breast Hypertrophy. No tumor or hormonal changes cause the disease. Was successfully treated with a breast reduction.

Gigantomastia juvenil. Hipertrofia virginal. Presentación de caso clínico / Juvenile macromastia. Virginal mammary hypertrophy. Case report

La gigantomastia juvenil es una afección médica benigna poco frecuente que causa el crecimiento excesivo y discapacitante de las mamas, provocando importantes trastornos físicos y psíquicos a pacientes púberes o adolescentes. Presentamos el caso en una paciente de 23 años, la cual se encontraba en la última etapa de su patología con una importante signosintomatología. Al no existir un tratamiento específico para ella, la mastoplastia reductiva es el procedimiento más efectivo con el que se cuenta. Se realizó una reducción de 9000 g de tejido mamario mediante la técnica de Torek, obteniendo mamas de volumen medio, simétricas, con cicatrices aceptables. La complejidad de esta patología hace que debamos manejarnos con un equipo multidisciplinario, tanto durante su estudio como en su tratamiento, y consideramos muy importante realizar un seguimiento estricto a largo plazo ya que es posible que, después del tratamiento quirúrgico, se presenten recurrencias.

Juvenile gigantomastia is a rare benign medical condition that causes excessive and disabling growth of the breasts and provokes considerable physical and psychological discomfort in patients in their puberty and adolescence. We introduce the case of a 23-year-old patient in the last stage of her condition with considerable signs and symptoms. There is no specific treatment for juvenile gigatomastia; hence breast reduction is the most effective procedure available. A reduction of 9,000 grams of breast tissue was performed using Torek's technique, resulting in medium volume, symmetrical breasts with acceptable scars. The complexity of this disorder requires a multidisciplinary team during the study and therapy stages. A strict long-term follow-up is recommended as relapses are possible after surgery.

Huge Bilateral Breast Hamartoma Accompanied with Pseudoangiomatous Stromal Hyperplasia

A 34-year-old woman presented with sudden breast enlargement that had occurred within 6 months. She also had an accessory breast mass on the left axilla. Clinical impression was phyllodes tumor. Needle biopsy revealed fibroepithelial tumor, a mixture of fibrous stroma and pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia. The final pathologic report was hamartoma associated with focal pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia and macromastia. This is the first reported case of bilateral breast hamartoma with hamartoma in ectopic breast tissue. The masses on the right and left breasts weighed 1,980 g and 1,233 g, respectively, while the mass on the left axilla weighed 36 g.

Vertical Mammaplasty for Varying Degrees of Reduction

BACKGROUND: Vertical reduction mammaplasty has been criticized for its inability to address larger cases of mammary hypertrophy, with a relatively high frequency of sensory loss reported. This article describes our single-institution experience with modified vertical reduction mammaplasty for varying degrees of breast reduction. METHODS: Thirty-three patients underwent breast reduction using the modified vertical reduction mammaplasty technique with a superomedial dermoglandular pedicle and modifications involving breast parenchyma excision. The degree of sensory preservation in the nipple-areola complex (NAC) was compared with preoperative sensation using an ordinal scale (0, insensate; 10, unchanged). Postoperative outcomes were evaluated through a photogrammetric analysis. Satisfaction with postoperative outcomes was assessed using a telephone questionnaire survey (1, very poor; 5, very good). RESULTS: The modified vertical mammaplasty technique allowed for reductions of up to 1,800 g per side. The mean resection weight was 459.24 g per breast (range, 76-1,800 g). Of the 59 operations, 9 involved complications without significant morbidity. The sensibility of the NAC recovered in most patients by 5 months after the operation. The mean satisfaction score was 3.4, which was between 'no change' and 'satisfied.' CONCLUSIONS: Modified vertical reduction mammaplasty allows a single surgeon to address varying degrees of breast hypertrophy.

Gigantomastia juvenil. Hipertrofia virginal. Presentación de caso clínico / Juvenile gigantomastia. Virginal hypertrophy. Clinical case presentation

La gigantomastia juvenil es una afección médica benigna poco frecuente que causa el crecimiento excesivo y discapacitante de las mamas provocando importantes trastornos físicos y psíquicos a pacientes púberes o adolescentes. Presentamos el caso en una paciente de 23 años de edad, la cual se encontraba en la última etapa de su patología con una importante signosintomatología. No existe un tratamiento especifi co para ella, por lo cual la mastoplastia reductiva es el procedimiento más efectivo con el que contamos. Se realizó una reducción de 9000 g de tejido mamario mediante la técnica de Torek, obteniendo mamas de volumen medio, simétricas, con cicatrices aceptables. La complejidad de esta patología hace que debamos manejarnos con un equipo multidisciplinario, tanto durante su estudio como en su tratamiento, y consideramos muy importante realizar un seguimiento estricto a largo plazo ya que es posible que, después del tratamiento quirúrgico, se presenten recurrencias

Juvenile Gigantomastia is a rare benign medical condition that causes excessive and disabling growth of the breasts and provokes considerable physical and psychological discomfort in patients in their puberty and adolescence. We introduce the case of a 23-year-old patient in the last stage of her condition with considerable signs and symptoms. There is no specifi c treatment for Juvenile Gigatomastia; hence breast reduction is the most eff ective procedure available. A reduction of 9,000 grams of breast tissue was performed using Torek's technique, resulting in medium volume, symmetrical breasts with acceptable scars. The complexity of this disorder requires a multidisciplinary team during the study and therapy stages. A strict long-term follow-up is recommended as relapses are possible after surgery

Gigantomastia gestacional: como abordar essa situação clínica / Gestational gigantomastia: how to address this clinical situation

A gigantomastia gestacional é uma desordem rara, na qual ocorre o crescimento excessivo e rápido das mamas, culminando com edema e congestão venosa das mesmas, além de ocasionar dor, ulceração da pele e infecção local. Estas complicações, em alguns casos, levam à necessidade de mastectomia de emergência ou abortamento induzido. A hipótese etiológica mais aceita é a de que exista uma estimulação anormal do tecido mamário, que pode ser desencadeada por níveis excessivos de hormônios ou por uma hipersensibilidade deste tecido a níveis hormonais normais. Apesar de a mama regredir após a gestação, raramente volta ao estado original; portanto, a redução da mama através de mastectomia ou mamoplastia geralmente é necessária. Além disso, é grande o risco de recorrências em gestações futuras. Os autores relatam o caso de gigantomastia em uma primigesta, com necessidade de interrupção da gravidez, devido ao risco de morte materna, e posterior intervenção cirúrgica com mamoplastia redutora.

Gestational gigantomastia is a rare disorder characterized by an excessive and rapid enlargement of the breasts, resulting in edema and venous congestion of breast tissue. It is a painful condition that causes skin ulceration and local infection. In some cases, these complications lead to an emergency mastectomy or induced abortion. The most probable etiology is an abnormal stimulation of breast tissue that is probably triggered by an abnormally elevated level of hormones or by the hypersensitivity of breast tissue to normal hormone levels. Although the breast volume decreases after pregnancy, it rarely returns to its original state; therefore, breast reduction through mastectomy or mammaplasty is usually necessary. Moreover, there is a high likelihood of recurrence in subsequent pregnancies. The authors report a case of gigantomastia in a primigravida that required pregnancy termination, because of the risk of maternal death, and a subsequent breast reduction surgery.

An idiopathic gigantomastia

Gigantomastia is a rare condition characterized by excessive breast growth. It has been reported that the majority of gigantomastia cases occur during either pregnancy or puberty. We were presented with a rare case of gigantomastia associated with neither pregnancy nor puberty, and successfully treated it with reduction mammaplasty and free nipple graft. This idiopathic gigantomastia is the very first case in Korea, and adds to the worldwide total of 9 reported cases.

Giant juvenile fibroadenoma of the breast: a case report and brief literature review

A girl (age, 12 years 11 months) consulted the pediatric endocrinology clinic because of a rapidly growing right breast mass over 13 cm observed during the preceding 3 months. A surgical excision was performed, and the mass was diagnosed as a giant juvenile fibroadenoma. Giant juvenile fibroadenomas are rare, usually occurring between 10 and 18 years of age, and characterized by massive and rapid enlargement of an encapsulated mass. The etiology is believed to be an end-organ hypersensitivity to normal levels of estrogen. We report a case of giant juvenile fibroadenoma and present a review of the diagnostic workup and management of a large breast tumor during adolescence.

Clinicopathologic changes of gigantomastia / 国际外科学杂志

Objective To study the clinical and pathologic changes in gigantomast.Methods Tissue sections were prepared from 180 cases of breast hypertrophy and 45 cases of normal breast tissues.The morphological changes and the expression and localization of ERRγwere evaluated on the HE and immunohistochemistry stained sections between hypertrophy and normal breast tissues.Results Compared with normal breast,hypertrophic breast showed expended ducts and obvious hyperplasia of the duct epithelial papillary.Hypertrophic breast tissues demonstrated strong expression of ERR-γ in ducts and lobules.Conclusions Upregulated expression of ERRγ is identified in hypertrophic breast tissues that may associate with the development of gigantomastia.

The Effect of Breast Hypertrophy on Patient Posture

BACKGROUND: One of the reasons women with macromastia chose to undergo a breast reduction is to relieve their complaints of back, neck, and shoulder pain. We hypothesized that changes in posture after surgery may be the reason for the pain relief and that patient posture may correlate with symptomatic macromastia and may serve as an objective measure for complaints. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the effect of reduction mammaplasty on the posture of women with macromastia. METHODS: A prospective controlled study at a university medical center. Forty-two patients that underwent breast reduction were studied before surgery and an average of 4.3 years following surgery. Thirty-seven healthy women served as controls. Standardized lateral photos were taken. The inclination angle of the back was measured. Regression analysis was performed for the inclination angle. RESULTS: Preoperatively, the mean inclination angle was 1.61 degrees ventrally; this diminished postoperatively to 0.72 degrees ventrally. This change was not significant (P-value=0.104). In the control group that angle was 0.28 degrees dorsally. Univariate regression analysis revealed that the inclination was dependent on body mass index (BMI) and having symptomatic macromastia; on multiple regression it was only dependent on BMI. CONCLUSIONS: The inclination angle of the back in breast reduction candidates is significantly different from that of controls; however, this difference is small and probably does not account for the symptoms associated with macromastia. Back inclination should not be used as a surrogate "objective" measure for symptomatic macromastia.